“For example, if a modern x86 processor at 2.2 GHz had all caches disabled, it would never be able to execute more than ~15 million instructions per second. That’s as slow as an Intel 80486 from 1991. When working on my first hypervisor I actually disabled all caching by mistake, and Windows took multiple hours to boot. It’s pretty incredible how important caches are.” https://gamozolabs.github.io/metrology/2019/08/19/sushi_roll.html